SYLVIE DOUGLIS, BYLINE: NPR.
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ADRIAN MA, HOST:
It was around the age of 12 when Steve Spohn discovered video games. He was at home, which is where he was most of the time because he has spinal muscular atrophy.
WAILIN WONG, HOST:
It's a condition that gradually takes away a person's ability to use their muscles. And one time, one of the nurses helping him asked, have you ever tried playing video games?
STEVEN SPOHN: And I told her that I was too disabled. There's no way that I could. And she challenged me that there was no reason I couldn't just hold the controller. I was using a powered wheelchair, so why couldn't I hold the controller? And she brought over a Nintendo, and it was, like, love at first sight. I literally kidnapped it and wouldn't let her take it back. And, yeah, it was really great. I ended up falling in love and beating Mario.
WONG: As Steve's condition progressed over the years, and moving became more difficult, he's had to find more creative ways to keep playing, like using a dentist's pick to push keys on a keyboard or wearing a special hat with sensors that allows him to control a game by tilting his head.
MA: And he's had to do all this because, for a long time, the video game industry just was not thinking about gamers like Steve - or gamers with disabilities generally. But that is starting to change. This is THE INDICATOR FROM PLANET MONEY. I'm Adrian Ma.
WONG: And I'm Wailin Wong. Today, we continue our week-long series on the video game industry by looking at how advocates and game developers are shifting the status quo on accessibility.
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MA: So for most of video game history, accessibility was sort of an afterthought - if it was thought of at all. But then, back in 2020, a company called Naughty Dog released a game called The Last of Us Part II. Now, the Last of Us Part II is this action-adventure game where you run, jump and shoot your way through this sprawling, post-apocalyptic world which is filled with zombies.
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TROY BAKER: (As Joel Miller) Give me your hand. We're going to have to run.
JEFFREY PIERCE: (As Tommy Miller) There's too many of them.
MA: Now, normally, this sort of game just would not be accessible to players with hearing, vision or physical disabilities. But The Last of Us Part II was pretty different in this respect.
WONG: Emilia Schatz is a lead designer at Naughty Dog, and she says, years before she started working on the game, she hadn't necessarily been thinking about how to make it more accessible to people with disabilities. She was really thinking about how to make one of her games accessible to her mom.
EMILIA SCHATZ: I mostly was just like, OK, I want my mom to play this game. That was my goal.
MA: And the reason was, Emilia's mom would often be like, I don't really understand what it is you do. And Emilia thought, well, if you could just play the game, you would get it. But a big obstacle for her mom was learning the controller - you know, with its buttons and multiple joysticks - could be pretty overwhelming for a nongamer.
WONG: At the time, Emilia was working on a game called Uncharted 4, and she thought, what if we added an option that players could turn on that would basically simplify the controls - make gameplay easier? Then my mom could enjoy all the cool games I'm making.
MA: Has she played the games that you've made?
SCHATZ: Yes, but I don't know how much she enjoyed it. That's the thing (laughter).
WONG: Oh, such a tough audience, those moms.
MA: Who cannot relate?
WONG: (Laughter) Right? So these new features didn't make a gamer out of Emilia's mom, but they did get a lot of positive feedback from other people who played the game. And so Emilia and her colleagues thought, what other options could they add to a game to make it accessible to even more people, including those with disabilities?
MA: And so they started having meetings with disability advocates and gamers with disabilities. And at one of these meetings, a gamer who was blind asked them, could they make an option that would allow him to play one of their games - like, somebody who could not see a screen at all?
SCHATZ: And to be honest, I mean, the first thought in my head was like, probably not, you know? Like, no, I don't think so. But it was so interesting of a question, and it got me thinking about - I couldn't let it go.
MA: So as Emilia and her colleagues started working on their next game, The Last of Us Part II, that question kind of snowballed. They thought, why just focus on one dimension of accessibility? And after a lot of experimenting and consulting with gamers with disabilities, the developers eventually added more than 60 different accessibility options to the game.
WONG: For example, players had the option to reassign what each switch and button does, which could be really helpful for players with certain physical disabilities. Players with hearing impairments could turn on multiple visual cues, and then there were options aimed at people with vision-related disabilities - people like Ross Minor.
ROSS MINOR: Growing up, so many blind people, including myself, have developed crazy, convoluted ways to play video games.
MA: Ross works as an accessibility consultant and actually specializes in video games, which he says he's been playing since he was a little kid. He remembers, back then, this Pokemon video game was really hot. And even though he couldn't see the screen, he adapted.
MINOR: I literally went home and got my Game Boy and memorized every single sound in the game just to play alongside my friends.
WONG: Over time, Ross figured out how to play other kinds of games even if they weren't designed with him in mind. But there were certain games that Ross thought he would never be able to play - what some call triple-A games - big-budget, epic titles with epic storylines that often require players to navigate vast 3D worlds.
MINOR: I had these thoughts when I was a kid, like, oh, if they added this feature, like, I'd be able to play the game. But it always just seemed like a pipe dream.
MA: That is until he played The Last of Us Part II because it had all these accessibility options for vision-impaired players. There was a screen reader that helped him navigate menus, a voiceover that described what was going on in scenes. And, oh, the sound cues.
MINOR: Sound cues for when you need to vault over something.
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MINOR: When you need to crouch.
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MINOR: When you're aiming at an enemy.
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MINOR: Like, there are so many different sound cues. It's truly a work of art.
WONG: But maybe his favorite feature was an option that allowed a player to send out a sort of sonar pulse in the game.
MINOR: And then, like, in stereo, you know, it'll play, like, a sound to the left or a sound far off to the right, and then you can track that object, and it'll guide you to it.
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MINOR: So, yeah, you're literally able to go through the entire game, you're able to collect items and weapons and all of that completely by yourself. I'm not an emotional person, but, like, it literally brought tears to my eyes 'cause something like this was never done before.
MA: This game, The Last of Us Part II, kind of set a high watermark for game accessibility. And, in fact, the game awards, which are sort of the Oscars of video games, gave it its first-ever innovation and accessibility award. And since then, Ross says he's been seeing more and more game companies follow that example.
MINOR: I have hope that, you know, this trend will continue. I'm 100% positive it will because, at the end of the day, it also just makes great financial sense.
WONG: Right. Because a lot of people with disabilities play games. According to the Census Bureau, about 13% of the overall population has some sort of disability. And according to some estimates, the percentage is even higher in the gaming community. Ross says it's a big market.
MA: But on the other hand, Steve Spohn, who's the gamer we met at the top who has spinal muscular atrophy - he's less confident that companies will always be willing to address the needs of disabled gamers. I mean, don't get him wrong. He says there's definitely been progress.
SPOHN: Now it's a matter of keeping people caring. It's not something that can be taken for granted.
MA: For years, Steve has helped run a nonprofit called AbleGamers. On top of providing information and resources to gamers with disabilities, they also lobby game companies to add accessibility features to their games.
WONG: But he says making games accessible isn't just about the games themselves. A person who is quadriplegic, for instance, may not be able to even hold a controller. That's why his organization also focuses a lot on providing individual consultations to people who want to play video games but aren't sure how or don't have the assistive technology to do so.
SPOHN: One of the things that runs through everything that I stand for and that we do is you really want to meet people where they are. They have certain abilities, they have certain things that they can do, and you've got to bring the technology and the gaming to them rather than making them come to you.
MA: And Steve says that's something game companies should think about, too.
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MA: This episode was produced by Corey Bridges, with engineering by Robert Rodriguez. It was fact-checked by Sierra Juarez. Kate Concannon edits the show, and THE INDICATOR is a production of NPR.
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MA: Tomorrow, we continue our weeklong series on the gaming industry with a look at competitive gaming - we're talking esports - which, after an initial growth spurt, has kind of been on the decline lately. So is this just a rebalancing, or is it game over for esports? That is tomorrow.
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